Classification & Common Fungicides List । फफूंदनाशक

कृषि में उपयोग होने वाले Fungicides (फफूंदनाशक) की एक उपयोगी सूची नीचे दी है। मैंने इन्हें Active Ingredient + सामान्य रोग + उपयोग के आधार पर रखा है।

🌱 Common Fungicides List

Fungicide / Active Ingredient	मुख्य उपयोग / रोग
Mancozeb	Leaf spot, blight, downy mildew
Copper Oxychloride	Bacterial/fungal leaf spot, blight
Carbendazim	Powdery mildew, die-back, seed/soil-borne diseases
Thiophanate Methyl	Leaf spot, powdery mildew, fruit diseases
Metalaxyl + Mancozeb	Downy mildew, late blight
Metalaxyl + Mancozeb	Potato/Tomato late blight, downy mildew
Cymoxanil + Mancozeb	Late blight, downy mildew
Azoxystrobin	Leaf spot, powdery mildew, rust, blight
Difenoconazole	Powdery mildew, rust, leaf spot
Propiconazole	Rust, powdery mildew, leaf spot
Hexaconazole	Powdery mildew, sheath blight, leaf spot
Tebuconazole	Rust, powdery mildew, blight
Hexaconazole + Zineb	Leaf spot and other fungal diseases
Tricyclazole	Blast disease, especially rice
Validamycin	Sheath blight in rice
Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole	Powdery mildew, rust, leaf spot
Pyraclostrobin	Rust, mildew, leaf spot
Fluopyram + Tebuconazole	Various fungal diseases
Fluopicolide + Fosetyl-Al	Downy mildew and oomycete diseases
Sulphur	Powdery mildew, mites
Wettable Sulphur	Powdery mildew
Captan	Fruit rot, damping-off, leaf diseases
Chlorothalonil	Leaf spot, blight, mildew
Fosetyl-Al	Downy mildew, Phytophthora
Bordeaux Mixture	Fungal/bacterial diseases in many crops
Pseudomonas fluorescens	Biological disease management
Trichoderma viride	Soil-borne fungal diseases
Trichoderma harzianum	Root rot, damping-off, wilt

🔬 Fungicides को Action के अनुसार समझें

1. Contact / Protective Fungicides

• Mancozeb

• Copper Oxychloride

• Sulphur

• Captan

• Chlorothalonil

2. Systemic Fungicides

• Carbendazim

• Hexaconazole

• Difenoconazole

• Propiconazole

• Tebuconazole

• Tricyclazole

• Azoxystrobin

3. Combination Fungicides

• Metalaxyl + Mancozeb

• Cymoxanil + Mancozeb

• Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole

• Fluopyram + Tebuconazole

4. Bio-Fungicides

• Trichoderma viride

• Trichoderma harzianum

• Pseudomonas fluorescens

Agriculture में fungicides को अलग-अलग आधार पर classify किया जाता है। सबसे practical classification यह है:

1. Movement / Action के आधार पर

Classification	कैसे काम करता है	Examples
Contact / Protective	पौधे की सतह पर रहकर fungus को रोकता है	Mancozeb, Copper Oxychloride, Sulphur, Captan
Systemic	पौधे के अंदर जाकर disease को control करता है	Carbendazim, Tebuconazole, Hexaconazole
Translaminar	पत्ती की एक सतह से दूसरी सतह तक सीमित movement	कुछ Strobilurins, कुछ newer fungicides
Locally Systemic	treated tissue में सीमित movement	कई modern fungicides

2. Preventive और Curative Action के आधार पर

Preventive fungicides:
रोग आने से पहले protection देते हैं।
उदाहरण: Mancozeb, Copper Oxychloride, Sulphur

Curative fungicides:
प्रारंभिक infection के बाद fungus की growth को रोकने में मदद करते हैं।
उदाहरण: कुछ systemic fungicides जैसे Tebuconazole, Difenoconazole

Eradicant:
स्थापित infection को खत्म/कम करने के लिए उपयोग किए जाते हैं; यह category आजकल सीमित और product-specific है।

3. Chemical Group के आधार पर

Chemical group	Examples
Dithiocarbamates	Mancozeb, Zineb
Benzimidazoles	Carbendazim, Thiophanate-methyl
Triazoles (DMI)	Tebuconazole, Hexaconazole, Propiconazole, Difenoconazole
Strobilurins (QoI)	Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin
Copper compounds	Copper Oxychloride, Copper Hydroxide
Sulphur compounds	Sulphur
Phthalimides	Captan
Chloronitriles	Chlorothalonil
Phenylamides	Metalaxyl
Biological fungicides	Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens

4. FRAC Mode of Action के आधार पर

यह classification fungicide resistance management के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है।

उदाहरण:

• FRAC M03 → Mancozeb

• FRAC M01 → Copper compounds

• FRAC 3 → Tebuconazole, Hexaconazole, Difenoconazole

• FRAC 1 → Carbendazim

• FRAC 11 → Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin

• FRAC 4 → Metalaxyl

• FRAC M02 → Sulphur

ध्यान दें: एक ही FRAC group के fungicides को लगातार बार-बार spray करने से resistance का risk बढ़ सकता है। इसलिए resistance management में अलग FRAC groups को उचित तरीके से rotate करना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Fungicide / Product Name Active Ingredient Common Formulation Main Target / Disease FRAC Group / Class

1. Mancozeb Mancozeb 75% WP Late blight, leaf spot, downy mildew FRAC M03
2. Copper Oxychloride Copper oxychloride 50% WP Leaf spot, blight, downy mildew FRAC M01
3. Sulphur Sulphur 80% WP Powdery mildew, rust, mites FRAC M02
4. Wettable Sulphur Sulphur 80% WDG Powdery mildew FRAC M02
5. Captan Captan 50% WP Fruit rot, leaf spot, damping-off FRAC M04
6. Carbendazim Carbendazim 50% WP Wilt, powdery mildew, leaf spot FRAC 1
7. Thiophanate Methyl Thiophanate-methyl 70% WP Powdery mildew, leaf spot, fruit diseases FRAC 1
8. Hexaconazole Hexaconazole 5% SC Powdery mildew, sheath blight, leaf spot FRAC 3
9. Propiconazole Propiconazole 25% EC Rust, powdery mildew, leaf spot FRAC 3
10. Difenoconazole Difenoconazole 25% EC Powdery mildew, rust, leaf spot FRAC 3
11. Tebuconazole Tebuconazole 25.9% EC Rust, powdery mildew, blight FRAC 3
12. Myclobutanil Myclobutanil 10% WP Powdery mildew, rust FRAC 3
13. Penconazole Penconazole 10% EC Powdery mildew FRAC 3
14. Triadimefon Triadimefon 25% WP Powdery mildew, rust FRAC 3
15. Triadimenol Triadimenol 25% EC Powdery mildew, rust FRAC 3
16. Tricyclazole Tricyclazole 75% WP Rice blast FRAC 16.1
17. Azoxystrobin Azoxystrobin 23% SC Blight, leaf spot, rust, powdery mildew FRAC 11
18. Pyraclostrobin Pyraclostrobin 20% WG Rust, leaf spot, mildew FRAC 11
19. Trifloxystrobin Trifloxystrobin 25% WG Powdery mildew, leaf spot FRAC 11
20. Kresoxim-methyl Kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC Powdery mildew, leaf spot FRAC 11
21. Dimoxystrobin Dimoxystrobin 20% SC Leaf spot, rust FRAC 11
22. Famoxadone Famoxadone 16.6% SC Late blight, downy mildew FRAC 11
23. Cymoxanil Cymoxanil 8% WP Late blight, downy mildew FRAC 27
24. Metalaxyl Metalaxyl 8% WP Downy mildew, late blight FRAC 4
25. Metalaxyl-M Metalaxyl-M 4% + formulation dependent Downy mildew, Phytophthora FRAC 4
26. Fosetyl-Al Fosetyl-Al 80% WP Downy mildew, Phytophthora FRAC P07
27. Dimethomorph Dimethomorph 50% WP Downy mildew, late blight FRAC 40
28. Mandipropamid Mandipropamid 23.4% SC Downy mildew, late blight FRAC 40
29. Fluopicolide Fluopicolide 4% + formulation dependent Downy mildew, Phytophthora FRAC 43
30. Fluazinam Fluazinam 50% SC Late blight, soil-borne diseases FRAC 29
31. Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 75% WP Leaf spot, blight, mildew FRAC M05
32. Zineb Zineb 75% WP Leaf spot, blight, rust FRAC M03
33. Ziram Ziram 80% WP Leaf spot, fruit diseases FRAC M03
34. Ferbam Ferbam 76% WG Fungal leaf and fruit diseases FRAC M03
35. Thiram Thiram 75% WS Seed treatment, damping-off FRAC M03
36. Carboxin Carboxin 75% WP Seed-borne diseases, smut FRAC 7
37. Metalaxyl + Mancozeb Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 35% WP Late blight, downy mildew FRAC 4 + M03
38. Cymoxanil + Mancozeb Cymoxanil + Mancozeb 72% WP Late blight, downy mildew FRAC 27 + M03
39. Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole 75% WG Rust, powdery mildew, leaf spot FRAC 11 + 3
40. Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole 32.5% SC Leaf spot, rust, powdery mildew FRAC 11 + 3
41. Pyraclostrobin + Metiram Pyraclostrobin + Metiram 60% WG Blight, leaf spot FRAC 11 + M03
42. Fluopyram + Tebuconazole Fluopyram + Tebuconazole Formulation dependent Leaf spot, powdery mildew, fruit diseases FRAC 7 + 3
43. Difenoconazole + Cyprodinil Difenoconazole + Cyprodinil Formulation dependent Leaf spot, fruit diseases FRAC 3 + 9
44. Boscalid Boscalid 50% WG Botrytis, leaf spot FRAC 7
45. Fluopyram Fluopyram 17.7% SC Nematode/fungal disease uses depend on label FRAC 7
46. Fluxapyroxad Fluxapyroxad Formulation dependent Leaf spot, rust FRAC 7
47. Bixafen Bixafen Formulation dependent Rust, leaf spot FRAC 7
48. Isopyrazam Isopyrazam Formulation dependent Leaf spot, rust FRAC 7
49. Cyproconazole Cyproconazole Formulation dependent Rust, powdery mildew FRAC 3
50. Epoxiconazole Epoxiconazole Formulation dependent Rust, leaf spot FRAC 3
51. Triticonazole Triticonazole Formulation dependent Seed and foliar fungal diseases FRAC 3
52. Iprodione Iprodione 50% WP Botrytis, fruit rot FRAC 2
53. Procymidone Procymidone Formulation dependent Botrytis and fruit diseases FRAC 2
54. Fludioxonil Fludioxonil Formulation dependent Seed-borne diseases, Botrytis FRAC 12
55. Cyprodinil Cyprodinil Formulation dependent Botrytis, leaf/fruit diseases FRAC 9
56. Pyrimethanil Pyrimethanil Formulation dependent Botrytis, fruit diseases FRAC 9
57. Kasugamycin Kasugamycin Formulation dependent Certain bacterial/fungal diseases FRAC 24
58. Validamycin Validamycin Formulation dependent Rice sheath blight Antibiotic
59. Streptocycline Streptomycin + tetracycline Formulation dependent Certain bacterial diseases Antibiotic
60. Trichoderma viride Trichoderma viride Biofungicide Root rot, damping-off, wilt Biological
61. Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum Biofungicide Soil-borne fungal diseases Biological
62. Pseudomonas fluorescens Pseudomonas fluorescens Bioagent Root/soil-borne disease management Biological

⚠️ महत्वपूर्ण: Fungicide की सही मात्रा और फसल के अनुसार उपयोग अलग-अलग होता है। केवल नाम देखकर spray न करें—crop, disease और formulation (जैसे 75% WP, 50% SC) के अनुसार label-recommended dose का पालन करें। Fungicide resistance रोकने के लिए एक ही FRAC group का बार-बार इस्तेमाल भी नहीं करना चाहिए।